Saturday, July 25, 2020

How to Write a Killing Research Paper

How to Write a Killing Research Paper The style and format of research papers varies from subject to subject (and indeed journal to journal). How you write depends on the journal/type of reader you are addressing. Also, keep in mind some role models people you know or famous papers. The general aim is to be attractive to non-experts as much as can be expected, while interesting and not offensivexperts. How to write an introduction for a research paper An introduction is the first paragraph of a written research paper. A well-written introduction is important because, quite simply, you never get a second chance to make a good first impression. It consists of two main parts: A general introduction to the topic you will be discussing Your thesis statement Why do it? In the introduction, you are attempting to inform the reader about the rationale behind the work, justifying why your work is an essential component of research in the field. The introduction gives an overall review of the paper. It works upon the principle of introducing the topic of the paper and setting it into a broad context, gradually narrowing down to a research problem, thesis and hypothesis. A good introduction explains how you mean to solve the research problem, and creates ‘leads’ to make the reader want to delve further into your work. How do I do it? Start with a couple of sentences that introduce your topic to your reader. You do not have to give too much detailed information; save that for the body of your paper. Make these sentences as interesting as you can. Through them, you can hook a reader and get them very interested in the line of thinking you are going to develop in your project. The length of your introduction depends on the length and complexity of your project, but generally it should not exceed one page unless it is a very long project or a book. Then state your thesis, which may be done in one or couple of sentences. How to write a thesis statement for a research paper Why do it? A thesis is the result of a lengthy thinking process. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading an essay assignment. Before you develop an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the significance of these relationships. Once you do this thinking, you will probably have a “working thesis” that presents a basic or main idea and an argument that you think you can support with evidence. How do I do it? A well-constructed thesis gives readers an idea of the most important points of a paper, shows the highlights, and makes them want to read more. It will also help keep you, the writer, from getting lost in a convoluted and directionless argument. Let’s run through what makes for a good thesis statement. There are four main components. A good argumentative thesis is focused and not too broad. It’s important to stay focused! Don’t try to argue an overly broad topic in your paper, or you’re going to feel confused and unsure about your direction and purpose. A good argumentative thesis is centered on a debatable topic. A good argumentative thesis picks a side. Picking a side is pretty much the whole entire point of an argumentative paper. A good thesis makes claims that will be supported later in the paper. Your claims make up a critical part of building the roadmap to your argument. It’s important to first include a summary of your claims in your thesis statement. During the course of your paper, you will back each of your claims with well-researched evidence. How to write a research paper proposal What is a researchper? A research paper is the culmination and final product of an involved process of research, critical thinking, source evaluation, organization, and composition. It is a genre that requires one to spend time investigating and evaluating sources with the intent to offer interpretations of the texts, and not unconscious regurgitations of thosources. The goal of a research proposal is to present and justify the need to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted. The design elements (research paper outline) and procedures (research paper format: MLA format or APA research paper format) for conducting the research paper are governed by standards within the predominant discipline in which the problem resides, so guidelines for research proposals are more exacting and less formal than a general projecroposal. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. They must provide persuasive evidence that a need exists for the proposed study. All research proposals must address the following questions: What do you plan to accomplish? Why do you want to do it? How are you goingdo it? How to write a conclusion for a rcaper In addition to providing a rationale, a proposal and its conclusion describe detailed methodology for conducting the research consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field and a statement on anticipated outcomes and/or benefits derived from the studysmpletion. As you see, there is a lot of work to be done while writing a research paper. It might be hard to be clear and succinct in defining the research problem. In addition to detailing your research design, you also might find difficult to conduct a thorough review of the literature and provide convincing evidence that it is a topic worthy study. All in all, if you are not sure that what you propose is doable, our advice is to ask for professional help by ordering a writing from professional services.

Friday, May 22, 2020

A-Exploring the Influence of Modern Electronic Games Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿ A-Exploring the Influence of Modern Electronic Games How do you think video games positively impact our culture? I think our culture has been affected positively by video games through opening up and evolution in varied ways being embraced for instance in dressing. Through video games there is great change in the way we stereotype gamers (Cooper, and Mackie 1986, p. 732). Also, through video games, great advancement in technology is viewed globally through video games on internet among others. Which games have been the most influential within the last few years? Within the last few years, many games have been of great influence on the industry of gaming. This has led to growth in video gaming evolution (Creasey, and Myers, 1986, p. 257). From my point of view, I think the most influential games include Final Fantasy, Mario Brothers, Grand Theft Auto and World of Warcraft. How does our culture impact video games? Video games are impacted by our culture through promotion of family game night. This is done through the families having quality time for fun. Also, for educational purposes, learning which uses educational tools is encouraged. We will write a custom essay sample on A-Exploring the Influence of Modern Electronic Games or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Friday, May 8, 2020

Smoking Should Not Be Allowed on Campuses - 753 Words

Smoking Should Not Be Allowed On Campuses Because of the improvement of technology, it is easier and more affordable to buy cigarettes. Smoking becomes general phenomenon. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC), there are an estimated 42.1 million adults in the United States currently smoke cigarettes. However, the report also said that more than 2.4 million people died in the USA annually, and over 480,000 people died because of smoking. Medical News Today (2013) said that smokers died ten years sooner than non-smoker. Besides, there are close to 20 million college students in The U.S.A (Nation Center for Education Statistic, 2015) and 30% of them smoke (The MU School of Medicine, 2013). To be†¦show more content†¦For example, some students feel that smoking lets them calm down before a final exam or an important presentation. However, there are some effective ways, like deep breathing, playing smart phone even yelling loudly, helping students to release their stress. Although, smokers have a right to smoke just as much as nonsmokers have the right not to breathe smoke, smoking have to be banned on campuses because I think that the smoking right cannot build on hurting someone’s health. Fortunately, Americans for Nonsmoker’s Right (2015) shows that the number has grown from 586 in 2011, to at least 1,543 100% smokefree campuses in 2015. More colleges think it is correct to implement smoking banning on their campuses. Setting smokefree campuses helps students keep away from cigarette and secondhand smoke. All students should deserve the smokefree environment and the healthyShow MoreRelatedSmoking On College Campuses Should Be Banned1675 Words   |  7 PagesSmoking, as one knows it, has become a stress-reliever worldwide. One will find a smoker pulling out a cigarette and lighting it up around every corner. Smoking has especially become a growing problem in college campuses. When a college student enters the college campus, they do not only enter a new campus, a new life is also entered. In this new experience, one will find themselves exploring new things. The power of the eye is remarkable in today’s society. When someone has a friend that is doingRe ad MoreSmoking on College Campuses1260 Words   |  6 PagesThe days of smoking on college campuses is coming to an end! (Daneman) The Department of Health and Human Services made an announcement, backed by the White house, to act on getting colleges everywhere to enforce a tobacco free campus! (Daneman) Smoking is a choice made amongst an individual and falls within the first amendment in the constitution along with eight more! So how can we legally ban smoking from a whole college campus? In the end, the individual is going to do what he/she pleases ifRead MoreBanning Guns On Campuses And Universities846 Words   |  4 Pagespeople carrying guns. The safety of all people should be the focus of our society now. One area we really need to not allow firearms on campuses. This is only one area to focus on. There are several reason why allowing guns on colleges campuses and universities could be dangerous to people. First, gun violence seems to lead to an escalation of violent crime. The percentage of students that could be robbed on their way to class increases . Campuses that do not have metal detectors to screen theRead MoreGun Violence On College Campuses1204 Words   |  5 PagesWith the recent history of gun violence on college campuses, questions have been raised on how incidents like these can best be prevented. One proposed solution is allowing firearms to be carried on campuses. With many states passing the open carry law, the topic of guns on campus has become a major issue; however, there are many reasons to why allowing guns to be carried on campus would not help prevent situations like these. A college campus is a place where individuals of different maturity levelsRead MoreThe Issue Of Guns On Campus953 Words   |  4 Pagespeople carrying guns. The safety of all people should be the focus of our society now. One area we really need to not allow firearms on campuses. This is o nly one area to focus on. There are several reason why allowing guns on colleges campuses and universities could be dangerous to people. First, gun violence seems to lead to an escalation of violent crime. The percentage of students that could be robbed on their way to class increases . Campuses that do not have metal detectors to screen theRead MoreUnited States Should Adapt Tobacco Free Policies On Their University School Grounds Essay2507 Words   |  11 PagesDid you know, smoking causes more than† 440,000 deaths† per year? (â€Å"Effects of Tobacco† 1). That is an overwhelming number of deaths that could be prevented if only the individuals did not use tobacco. As of 2008, East Tennessee State University has adopted a tobacco-free policy for not only the safety of students, but their overall mental and physical health as well. That policy has been increasing on college campuses at a nationwide level. As of 2009, the American College Health Association adoptedRead MoreShould Guns Be Banned From College University Campuses?901 Words   |  4 Pagesseems to be at an all-time high in current ti mes. I feel that this is due to so many people carrying guns. The safety of all people should be the focus of our society now. I believe that all firearms should be banned from college/university campuses. This is the most important area to focus on. There are several reasons why allowing guns on college and university campuses could be dangerous to people. First, access to gun seems to lead to an escalation of violent crime (Blumstein 1). The percentageRead More Meningitis In College Essay761 Words   |  4 PagesMeningococcal Meningitis is more serious and can cause more serious effects including permanent damage to your nervous system, and in the most extreme cases, death. Outbreaks of Bacterial Meningitis are common in small communities, most often college campuses. ‘ nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;College students are at especially high risk to contract Meningitis. Several reasons behind this are the fact that students are participating in the â€Å"college lifestyle.† Recent evidence indicated that college studentRead MoreCigarettes should be made illegal1565 Words   |  7 Pagessale of cigarettes should be made illegal Nowadays in the present world smoking cigarettes has become a trend for every age of people and they take it as a fashion. A statistics shows that nearly $8.37 billion are used by the cigarette industries on advertising and promotions annually. And almost $23 million are used every day for the same purpose. The production and sale of cigarettes not only has negative impact on human health, it can even cause death. Because of smoking more than 5 millionRead MoreThe Health Issue Of College Students965 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor health issue for campuses around the world. Berg et al. (2011) state that young adulthood is a critical transition period, and could have an long term effects on their well being. The drinking rates within college have been know to sky rocket after transitioning out of high school, and moving forward as and adult. A critique of Berg, Ritschel, Swan, An, and Ahluwalia (2011) study, examines the correlation of hope in relations to alcohol use, binge drink ing, smoking, exercise, and limiting

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Stefan’s Diaries The Craving Chapter 29 Free Essays

Her name was the Mina M. She was a speedy ship and a thing of beauty, with sleek lines and white sails. Her wooden mast was oiled to a sheen, boasting smart red flags that snapped in the breeze. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 29 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I stood at the prow and closed my eyes, imagining our journey. The stinging salt air and the bright yellow sun would whip my cheeks red as the Mina cut through waves, leaving white foam and spray in her wake. Little silver fish would glint in the water below in their hurry to get out of the way. On our travels we would see tiny skiffs cross the water loaded up with bananas and rum in the West Indies. We’d trade for spices in India. I’d finally see Italy, walk through the Sistine Chapel, marvel in front of the Duomo, and drink Chianti straight from the vineyard. Maybe†¦ maybe this would be a new way of life for me. Traveling at the speed of water rather than confining myself to the shadows. I’d never stay in one port for too long, outrunning death and my curse. Sailors usually had no friends but the men they crewed with – I would fit right in. But then I opened my eyes, my fantasy evaporating into the heavy midnight that surrounded me. A dense cloud cover obscured the sky and any stars embedded there failed to shine through. The Mina slipped silently out to sea, cutting the oily water with barely a hiss. This was the vampire’s realm. Though my ring allowed me to walk in the daylight, my world existed in darkness. It was then, while the sun slumbered, that I hunted, evaded enemies, spewed curses, broke promises, and gave myself over to hate. We had escaped Klaus’s minion, but we hadn’t defeated him. He and his master were still out there, somewhere, planning on future torture and death for me and Damon. Lexi came up on deck behind me and touched my shoulder. â€Å"We’re en route to San Francisco,† she said quietly. â€Å"I’ve not been there†¦ in a while. But you’ll love the fog and dismal weather. Great for brooding.† She gave me a thin smile. â€Å"And I can tell you’re going to be quite the brooder.† I leaned against the deck rail. I didn’t have the heart to tell her that there would never be a place for me, that I would never fit. And I didn’t deserve to, after all the lives I’d ended. The night wind tousled my thick brown hair and Lexi tucked it behind my ear. â€Å"He said an eye for an eye,† I began. â€Å"Yes. Well.† Lexi took a deep sigh and looked serious for a moment, eyes narrowing. â€Å"This is a fast ship and it will take him time to figure out our manifest. Besides the legal cargo of tea and coffee, there’s a sizable shipment of opium they’re planning to pick up in Frisco. The captain failed to register with the dock master, so it will be a while before anyone figures out where we turn tail to.† â€Å"No. I mean yes, that’s good.† I rubbed a sudden spray of water from my eyes. â€Å"But I meant†¦ he killed the people that were supposed to be our wives, because his Katherine was killed.† Lexi nodded, shivering. â€Å"And then he grabbed you†¦ and was going to kill you and me, and probably Damon, in a church, just like Katherine was killed.† Lexi narrowed her eyes. â€Å"I’m not sure I understand where you’re going with this.† â€Å"If he was being so particular about whom he killed and in what manner, why didn’t he set the place on fire?† Lexi blinked. I saw her work through the logic. She stayed silent for a long time. I couldn’t read her eyes, but still I felt embarrassed to be thinking of Katherine at a time like this. â€Å"Stefan,† she began. â€Å"Please listen to me. There are all levels of evil among our kind. From that old thing that commits great atrocities to†¦ minor, horrible little things that exist just for their own pleasure, regardless of whom it hurts. â€Å"Katherine wanted you to become a vampire. And look at the results. Do not weep overmuch for her, Stefan, or search for clues to her death or existence. Let her go. It is truly the best thing you can do.† I turned my head away from her and looked toward the only star bright enough to shine through the cloud cover – the North Star. Katherine was like that star: fixed in place, a silent specter hanging above me, a benchmark against which to measure my progress. No matter my feelings toward her, she had made me, and she would be with me always. â€Å"We’re not all evil,† I said, putting my arm around her. â€Å"You’re not.† â€Å"I’m a lot older than you,† she said gently. â€Å"And who I am now isn’t who I’ve always been. You’re not the only one with things to atone for, Stefan. But I’ve made a vow to myself to be different.† â€Å"Oh, ugh. Vows.† Damon stumbled onto deck loudly. â€Å"By Our Lord, haven’t we made enough vows for a lifetime?† â€Å"The marriages were your idea, not mine,† I pointed out. â€Å"Waah, wahh, I’m a vampire, I had a really great wedding, great champagne, my brother rescued me, and I’m still tortured.† He bounced off the deck rails, palming the smooth wood and propelling himself back to the other side, port to starboard back and forth until he reached us. The untrained eye would have marked him as drunk, but there was a telltale crimson smear in the corner of his lips. He was drunk with our escape, with our rescue, with the lifeblood of some poor cabin boy – but not with drink. Not yet, at least. â€Å"Yes, and speaking of rescues, Margaret†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I prompted. Damon sighed. â€Å"When I confronted her about being able to withstand compulsion, Margaret admitted she was a witch and said she would help me.† â€Å"Just like that?† I asked skeptically. Damon rolled his eyes. â€Å"In return for us leaving New York and never coming back – in her lifetime, at least. And, this is the part that kills me, returning the dowries.† â€Å"Aw, Damon. I’m so sorry,† Lexi said, her sparkling eyes belying her serious tone. â€Å"Your plan to fleece the rich didn’t work out. Better luck next time.† She punched him lightly in the shoulder. â€Å"We owe her our lives,† I said seriously. â€Å"She didn’t have to help us at all. By all rights, she shouldn’t have. The protection spell she cast around her and her husband – do you think it will really keep them safe?† â€Å"I have to believe. Either way, she’s a better soul than you lot,† Lexi pronounced. â€Å"And speaking of better souls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I said, barely suppressing a smile, â€Å"what made you come back and rescue me? I thought you were hell-bent on ‘never forgiving me’ and ‘punishing me until the end of my days.'† Damon’s blue eyes were veiled. â€Å"Yes. Well, I meant every word. I will never forgive you. I will torture your every living moment.† I shook my head, tamping down the stirring of black rage inside me that wanted to shout to Damon that he may have lost the love of his life, but I lost a life that I loved. And a father, and a home. And a brother. But as quickly as the rage flowed in, it ebbed back out again, leaving me hollow. How could I expect my brother to forgive me for turning him into a vampire when I couldn’t forgive myself for it? He had once loved me, as I had once loved Katherine, but I would never, ever forgive her for making me what I was now. Damon took me by the shoulders. â€Å"Besides,† he added, the corners of his lips turning up, â€Å"if anyone is going to kill you, it’s going to be me.† Then, without another word, he leaped with vampiric speed to the deck rail itself, balancing without moving a muscle as the boat dipped and rocked in the water, as though he were the ship’s figurehead, carved in cold marble. He lifted his hand in salute. â€Å"I’ll be seeing you, brother.† Then, before I could even utter his name, he stepped off the rail and plunged into the dark water below. I raced to the edge of the boat and looked at the churning water. But my brother didn’t resurface. Lexi and I stood there for what felt like an eternity, until we were so far from shore and sky that it felt as though we were suspended in blackness. Then, when the sun finally peeked its red head over the watery horizon, we went inside the dimly lit cabin to face our future. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 29, Essay examples

Monday, April 27, 2020

Name Essays (316 words) - Education, Educational Psychology

Name: Class: Teacher: Creativity in Education: Are we discriminating against multipotentiality? I chose this topic because I could relate to it closely based on my life being based on assessments all the time. I wanted to explore how education can prepare a student for their future in the best possible way. My first text, Sir Ken Robinson's TED talk, Changing the Paradigm' summarised the argument for more creative education with less assessment. He used an animation that had images that all illustrated his ideas but also showed how they related to each other. At the end of his speech the animation pans back so that you can see the whole presentation as one image. I felt that that was really effective because you could see how complex the topic is and why we discriminate against creativity. The second text, Parliament of Australia: Improving School Performance' is a government webpage that explains the government's approach to education today and how current testing and assessment help them to see if their policies are working for preparing students for the future. There are many hyperlinks embedded into this text that allow you to read the research behind all the comments. I really liked expanding my understanding of the topic, so I clicked' on them and read them. What I found though was a little surprising because a lot of the research actually had findings that went against the decision to test everyone through NAPLAN, and other tests. I was not only engaged with Sir Ken Robinson's ideas but impressed with how clear and convincing they were with the animation. I felt that the Government Webpage was detailed but tended to be a collage of information that at times contradicted itself. Therefore, I used the modes and techniques that I found most engaging in text one to communicate how I came to be in favour of developing multipotentialite' students.

Thursday, March 19, 2020

Free Essays on The End Of Innocence

were comforting, but not exactly what I wanted to hear. I mean, this was it. This was the day that is supposed to pay off for the 13 years of school one had to endure. Maybe I was just making a big deal out of nothing. The time after breakfast and before the ceremony was like blur. No sooner had I finished my omelet, then it was almost time for me to get to the school. As I drove to campus, I remembered some of the fun times my friends and I had. The lunches in the cafeteria, the teachers we all loved to hate, the basketball state championship. All of these memories hit me like a ton of bricks. It made the feeling that was festering inside me worse. It was over; these times were gone now, forever. After graduation, everything would be different. I could not look forward to going back to school the next year with all the same people I was used to. Everybody was taking different paths. Everybody was starting their life in the real world. I dismis... Free Essays on The End Of Innocence Free Essays on The End Of Innocence High school graduation is a day that many people look back on with pride and satisfaction. It is a day that marks a major accomplishment in many lives. I wish that day had felt like an accomplishment for me. The day had started out ok. All the seniors had to report to the football field early that morning for practice. The sun was unusually strong for that time of day. After two hours of baking out there, we were dismissed. I met up with one of my friends and we made plans to go out for breakfast. I remember thinking it was funny how she showed up to practice in her pj’s. We went over to the IHOP by her grandmother’s house, she ordered the smiley face pancakes, and I had an omelet. I had been having a weird feeling about graduation and I wanted to know if maybe she felt the same. I asked if she was scared, and I will always remember her answer. â€Å"Of course I’m scared, everybody is. This is a big step on the road of life. It’s the end of an era, and of our innocence.† Her words were comforting, but not exactly what I wanted to hear. I mean, this was it. This was the day that is supposed to pay off for the 13 years of school one had to endure. Maybe I was just making a big deal out of nothing. The time after breakfast and before the ceremony was like blur. No sooner had I finished my omelet, then it was almost time for me to get to the school. As I drove to campus, I remembered some of the fun times my friends and I had. The lunches in the cafeteria, the teachers we all loved to hate, the basketball state championship. All of these memories hit me like a ton of bricks. It made the feeling that was festering inside me worse. It was over; these times were gone now, forever. After graduation, everything would be different. I could not look forward to going back to school the next year with all the same people I was used to. Everybody was taking different paths. Everybody was starting their life in the real world. I dismis...

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

Avoid Over-Fertilizing Your Trees

Avoid Over-Fertilizing Your Trees Well-meaning homeowners who want to stimulate growth or promote health in their landscape trees often feed them with fertilizers. Unfortunately, too much of a good thing can have the opposite effect and can actually harm your trees. In normal landscape soils, many trees require no feeding at all, and if you do feed them, its critical that you use the right fertilizers in the right ratios.   The Right Fertilizer With the Right NPK Ratio Trees are usually grown for the appeal of their green foliage, so the best fertilizer is one with a relatively high ratio of nitrogen, which promotes green growth. Unless your soil is deficient in potassium or phosphorus (a soil test can tell you this), fertilizers for trees should have a high nitrogen number in the N-P-K designation.   A good choice is a fertilizer with an N-P-K (nitrogen-potassium-phosphorus) ratio of 10-6-4, preferably in a slow-release formulation.  Slow-release formulations are usually non-liquid products that use granules that are released gradually into the soil.   Although balanced fertilizers, such as 10-10-10 products, can be helpful for many flower and vegetable gardens when used with discretion, such fertilizers can have a bad effect when applied to the soil beneath trees. Excessive amounts of these nutrients can create too much mineral salt in the soil, which will harm the beneficial soil microorganisms  necessary to healthy trees.   Stay at less than .20 pounds of nitrogen per 100 square feet of root zone application area, depending on tree species and size. Any time you exceed this recommendation, you will create a situation for on-site contamination or the potential for runoff pollution into lakes and streams. Extreme contamination of soil can harm the site for a very long time. The Effects of Excessive Fertilization on Trees You can actually kill a tree if you apply too much fertilizer. Applying high levels of quick- release nitrogen can burn the roots when applied to the soil and can burn the foliage when applied as a foliar spray or drench. And if the fertilizer contains too much potassium and phosphorus, it creates excessive soil salts that trees may be unable to tolerate.   The most common ways to over-fertilize a tree include: Over-use of fertilizers that contain an equal ratio of all three essential nutrients (nitrogen, potassium,  and phosphorus)Applying more fertilizer than the standard recommended application rate suggestsUsing fast-release rather than time-release fertilizers Any or all of these mistakes will increase the chance of root damage to your tree. Too much fertilizer introduces toxic salt levels that not only harm the tree  but also make the site unsuitable for future planting.   Symptoms and Treatment for an Over-Fertilized Tree Symptoms of a tree that has been over-fertilized include: A crust of fertilizer visible on soil surface beneath the tree drip zone (the area of the ground beneath the spread of the branches)Yellowing, wilting, and browning on the trees foliage, starting at tree leaf tips and marginsA tree that starts to drop leaves before dormancy  begins.   The tree may survive and the site can be much improved if you do a fairly simple, three-part treatment as quickly as possible: Remove the dying or wilting leaves, if you have any, to reduce fertilizer remnants in the tree itself.Water the fertilized area of the soil thoroughly to a flushing point. Copious supplies of water will be necessary to flush excess fertilizer from the soil.  Cover the critical root zone with a natural plant-based mulch- preferably composted leaves and grass.  Perform a second water flush over the composted mulch.